摘要

台灣的客家人來自粵東的嘉應州、惠州、潮州，以及閩西的汀州， 閩南地區的漳州，經過三百多年來的語言融合與消長，形成台灣現存 的主要五大客家話－四縣、海陸、大埔、饒平、詔安。不同的語言接 觸會有不同的語言發展，馬來西亞的客家人，雖然與台灣的客家人有 相同的移民背景與語言來源，但該地區客家話的發展與台灣截然不 同。馬來西亞檳城州的客家話主要分布在「浮羅山背」（Balik Pulau）， 其地名透露出濃濃的客家味，「浮」字在當地發音為，奉母字唸 聲母（白讀）是客家話的語音現象；以「山背」表山後的意思，是客 家話的地名特色，這足以說明檳城州的「浮羅山背」是個道地的客家 聚落。浮羅山背的客家人來自大陸的梅州、惠州、潮州等不同地區，根據筆者實地的語言調查，現今這些地區的客家話已經揉合成以梅縣 客家話的語音系統為主，並攙入華語、福建話、馬來語的新「檳城客 家話」，原先的客家話次方言的差別已經模糊，無論在語音或詞彙都 有梅、惠、潮州客家話混用的現象，例如「褲」字，同一個發音人有 時候讀，有時候讀，「橋」字會、 混用，「街」 字會、混用等等。由於是綜合型的客家話，故「檳城客家話」 不論語音或詞彙，都具有豐富的語言接觸現象及語音演變類型，本文 分別從語音和詞彙兩方面探討「檳城客家話」的特色。

Hakka in Taiwan derives from Chiayingzhou, Huizhou and Chaozhou of the easteren Kuangtung, Tingzhou of the western Min area and Zhangzhou of the southern Min area. After language blend and evolution for more than 300 years, it results in current five major Hakka dialects in Taiwan: Sixian, Hailu, Dapu, Raoping and Zhaoan. Different language contact shows different language development. Although Hakka in Malaysia shares the same immigration background and language source with Hakka in Taiwan, Hakka dialect development in the region is totally different from Taiwan. Hakka dialect of Penang in Malaysia are mostly in “Balik Pulau”(浮羅山背). The name of the place shows

significant Hakka characteristic. “浮” is pronounced locally as“”. Initial consonant is the pronunciation of Hakka dialect. “山背” means the back of mountain and it is the characteristic of Hakka name of place. It demonstrates that “Balik Pulau” of Penang is authentic Hakka place. Hakka dialect of Balik Pula are from Meizhou, Huizhou and Chaozhou of China. According to the author’s field language investigation, currently, These Hakka dialects in Penang are transformed into new “Hakka dialect of Penang” with pronunciation system of Meixian Hakka dialect and combination of Chinese, Fuchien dialect and Malay language. The difference of original sub-dialects of Hakka dialect no longer exists. Regarding pronunciation or vocabulary, it combines Hakka dialect of Meizhou, Huizhou and Chaozhou. For instance, “ 褲” (pants)can be pronounced as “” or “”, “橋”(bridge) can be pronounced as “” or “”. “街”(street)can be pronounced as “ or “”. Since it is the Hakka dialect of combination, “Hakka dialect of Penang”, in terms of pronunciation or vocabulary, shows rich language contact and pronunciation evolution.

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