摘要
1930年代羅香林先生的客家社群及家譜研究，以及客家「民
系」的概念，已在面對客家遷徙及在地化問題。由粵東及新竹客
家親屬稱謂比較研究，本文提出在經歷移民的歷史脈絡下，親屬
稱謂既有相當比例維繫過去的保守性，卻也同時展現稱謂的地方
化現象。本文的討論尤其聚焦在其中一個有趣的特點。讓不同輩
份的親人或姻親，共用相同稱謂的 “skewing rule”，普見於亞洲南
方漢藏語系的許多語群。新竹的客家和廣東客家的親屬稱謂，也
共同表現出此一特性。但新竹客家語群，卻如同閩南語群一樣，
在說話行動中，將仔尾詞的後綴，變成具有語義區辨的作用。仔尾詞的後綴，在台灣閩客方言的環境裡有其普遍性。新竹的四縣
分支方言語群及海陸分支方言語群的客家親屬稱謂，都採用仔尾
詞的後綴，並以此而能有別於廣東客家的例子。我們推測這可能
是說客語的社群移墾到台灣之後，與說閩南的語群互動的結果。
並且，兩個新竹客語分支群及閩南語群的仔尾詞，在音韻的選用
──海陸客家語為//、四縣客家語為/e/、閩南語為/a/──形成一
個彼此對比，且又保留彼此差異之三角對稱的音韻結構。由稱謂
的比較，地方化不僅可以展現在語言經驗裡；而且提醒我們，文
化之在地化歷程的變與不變，可以在區辨及意義上，作更仔細、
微觀的探討。
The relation between “kinship,” “migration,” and “localization”
of Hakka societies has long been discussed by Luo Xiang-lin
羅香林 and others. Through a comparative study on kinship
terminologies of Guangdong Hakka and Hsinchu Hakka, this paper,
under the historical context of the migration from mainland China
to Taiwan since the Qing Dynasty, examines how such a linguistic
phenomenon of kinship terminologies remains unbroken as a
whole, while at the same time demonstrates localized change. One
particular focus of our discussion and analysis is the interesting
feature of the “skewing rule”, which is common in many SinoTibetan dialects in Southern Asia. This means one certain kin
term is commonly used by more than one kin, who are across
different generations or across the relationship of consanguinity
and affinity toward each other, such as “MB” (mother’s brother)
and “WB” (wife’s brother) sharing an identical kin term, “a33k’iu53”
(.) The kinship terminologies of the Hsinchu Hakka and Eastern
Guangdong Hakka have this similar feature, but with a difference.
Two dialectic subgroups of the Hsinchu Hakka have deviated
from their Guangdong counterpart with a change that resembles
the Hokkein dialect in Taiwan by combining the diminutive suffix // or /e/ (仔尾詞後綴) with a kin term referring to an affinal kin
(e.g. brother-in-law, wife’s brother, WB, a33k’iu5355, used by a
male speaker), which is distinguishable from the one used for a
consanguine (e.g. maternal uncle, mother’s brother, MB, a33 k’
iu53). This may be the result of the interaction between the two
migrant communities. More interestingly, these diminutive suffixes
of the skewing kinship terminology form a balanced phonological
triangle: contrary to the Hokkein with the suffix /a/, the Hailu
Hakka dialectic subgroup (海陸客家) uses the suffix // and the
Sixian Hakka dialectic subgroup (四縣客家) has the suffix /e/.
These linguistic and localized features on kinship terminology also
point to the possibilities in further examining the cultural changes
in regard to the migration and localization of the Hakka in Northern
Taiwan.
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