摘要

如果客家民系形成於宋朝，以梁肇廷的族群邊界理論，相對於畬族，此時應該有一個已從文化群演變為族群的稱為「客家」的民系，但是在閩粵贛地區至少有一個相對立的，南宋劉克莊的《漳州喻畲》、王象之《輿地紀勝》裡，稱作「畬民」、「山客輋」的文獻記載，而挾著文化優勢的所謂客家先民，反倒沒有一個族群民系的名稱，理論上說不過去。這種情形，有一種可能，就是當時的族群民系的族稱不叫「客」。有清一朝，臺灣的歷史紀錄並無「客家」的紀錄，「客家」一詞當從大陸播遷至台灣。而在浮雲的紀錄中，或稱客家人的「畲客」一詞，相傳始於順治年間，浙江處州的畲客是明朝中葉畬族遷移高峰的遷入地。往前推算，「客家」一詞的產生最遲不會晚於明朝中葉，甚至可以說伴隨「畲客」之後而產生。綜合族源歷史、音韻演變、詞彙意義、語法語義、民系族稱的演變關係，我們同意浮雲所謂「畲客，或稱為客家人，或稱為畲客人，或稱為畲家人」。從王象之「山客輋」開始，就已經預示了「畲就是客，客就是畲」的先聲，客家是漢化的畬族，不無可能。
關鍵字：畲、客、畲客、山哈、山客輋

The origin of the Hakka people is controversial, according to Liang Zhaoting’s boundary of ethnic group theory and compare with the history of She ethnic group, if the Hakka people was formed in Song Dynasty, then there should be a specific culture group has evolved into a ethnic group with the name “Hakka” at that time. But in some history books written in Song dynasty, like Liu Kezhuang “Zhang Zhou Yu Yu（漳州喻畲） “or Wang Xiangzhi “Yu Di Ji Sheng（輿地紀勝）”, we can find some text sources for She ethnic group and they were called “She Min” or “Shankeshe” in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, but we cannot find any text sources of the term “Hakka” in those history books, even usually we think Hakka people has a longer history and cultural advantage than She people. One possible explanation for such contradiction is the Hakka people did not use the term “Hakka” as their ethnic group name in Song dynasty. Similarly, in Qing dynasty, there is no record of the term”Hakka” in Taiwan’s history books. So the term “Hakka” may originate from mainland China, then introduce to Taiwan since the Qing Dynasty. In Fu-Yun’s record or the term “She Ha” used to call Hakka people, supposedly it was originated from Shunzhi cao in Qing dynasty. At the peak of She emigration wave, “She Ha” in Chuzhou of Zhejiang province was the major destination. To trace back as earlier as we can, the origination of the term “Hakka” should be no later than the middle of the Ming dynasty, even we can presume the origination of the term “Hakka”is later but close to the origination of “She Ha”.Making a conclusion from the Hakka origin history, phonological evolution, grammar and semantics, and the evolution of ethnic group names, we agree with Fu-Yun’s opinion: “She Ha , Hakka, and She are all the same”. And long time ago, Wang Xiangzhi said “Shankeshe” may indicate She people and Hakka people is the same in the very beginning. Possibly, Hakka people is the She people melting into Chinese.
Keywords：She, Hakka, Sheha, Shankeshe, Shanha.

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