摘要

「語言」是文化的表徵，一種方言之中若有其他語言所未見的詞彙，這種詞彙彌足珍貴，因為它可能反應出此一語族的特有文化。客家話裡便有這樣的一個特殊詞彙，即「嫲」這一詞語，此字堪稱是其他方言所罕見而客家用語所習見的「客家方言特徵詞」，劇本文蒐羅所見：海陸客家話中帶「嫲」的詞語非常多，這些帶「嫲」詞語有何特色?本文首先釐清帶「嫲」詞語各語義間錯綜複雜的脈絡關係、歸納其構詞方式，然後再探討客家人好用「嫲」字的文化意涵。經探討後發現:海陸客語帶「嫲」詞語的組合形式可有十餘種，其語義可分為「性別義」和「非性別義」兩類，部過二者並非截然分立，彼此之間仍有引申或虛化的關係，其中保有「性別義」的是實詞，虛化為不具性別意義者則屬「詞綴」。若就構詞來看，帶「嫲」詞語從不單獨使用，它會出現名詞或形容詞前面、中間或後面。擴大而言，客家話除了「嫲」字以外，還有「公」、「轱」、「婆」等性別詞彙也有類似的用法，本文也將一併探討。何以客家話裡對於無生物命名也可冠以性別詞彙?本文以為這可能和「泛擬人化」或「泛神化」的南方文化認知態度有關。經由帶「-嫲」詞語的討論我們窺見了客家文化的特色所在。

Language is the symbol of culture. When a dialect has a word that is rare or even unfound in others, this word is considered precious for it often reflects the unique culture of this dialect. Such a word found in Hakka.It was a gender word “ma”, which was unusual in other dialects but was habitually use in Hakka as a feature word. On the basis of the research of this study, “ma” was used with at latest eighty Hakka lexical words. This study was examined the usage of the lexical words with “ma” : first, the semantic relationship and morphology of the word “ma” was discussed before probing into the cultural implication for its extensive use in Hakka. The goal was uncover the various complicated semantic relationships. This study discovered that “ma” has as many as 15 lexical combinations and at least 9 extended meanings. It should be noted that in some combinations “ma” were considered affixes while in others they were only quasi— affixes. In addition to “ma”, discussions of other gender words in Hakka such as “kung”, “ku” and “po” were also included in this study.The conclusion of this study was that Hakka had a particularly rich gender affixes and it was highly likely to be results of general personification or deification of the Hakka. Based on the word “ma”, the unique characteristics of Hakka culture was also revealed to a certain degree.

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