摘要

泰國客家移民人數眾多，分散在泰國中部、北部與南部等區。歷經過泰國文化同化政策、現代化過程與民族主義的建構，已經到了第三代與第四代的泰國客家面臨客家語言語文化難以傳承的困境。即使如此，許多泰國客家人仍堅持自己的族群認同，因此，本文試著想先勾勒出泰國客家族群的面貌，剖析泰國客家族群在差異的社會歷史文化下，仍然保有怎麼樣的客家認同？客家認同背後的運作機制可能是什麼？泰國客家複雜的文化樣貌為何？本研究發現泰國客家族群內部具有許多的差異性，交錯出複雜多樣的認同樣貌。大致上內部的差異性可分為以下幾種因素的影響：來源地的差異；與潮州人的關係；當地的華/泰關係；都市化與現代化的影響，以及跨國的影響。

族群認同是一個學習與探索的過程，個體需要去了解其族群的特色與意義、價值與態度、建立與族群成員的關係、學習與實踐族群的社會行為、認知到自己對其族群的感受、最後承諾了族群在自己生命中的意義與角色。如果我們從這個角度來看泰國客家族群的認同，在第一代與第二代會館核心成員中，他們的客家認同是既有探索也有承諾的完成認同之旅。第二代到第三代的核心成員，可能逐漸轉向是承諾多於探索的位置。到了第三代或第四不知道自己祖先來源的新世代，可能進入了沒有探索也沒有承諾的狀態。隨著全球客家認同運動的熱潮，有些人燃起一些希望，渴望新時代的泰國客家文化與認同可以持續傳承。

There are a large number of Hakka immigrants distributed throughout the central, northern, and southern regions of Thailand. These immigrants have experienced the Thai cultural assimilation policies, the modernization processes, and the construction of nationalism. The third and fourth generation Thai Hakka immigrants are facing the plight of difficulty passing on the Hakka language and culture. Even so, many Thai Hakkas still insist on their ethnic identity. This study aimed to outline the appearance of the Thai Hakka ethnicity in Thailand and analyze how the Hakka ethnic is able to persist the Hakka identity under the social history and cultural differences. What are the possible operating mechanisms behind the Hakka identity? What are the complex features of the Thai Hakka culture? In this study, we found that the Thai Hakka group has numerous internal differences that crisscrossed to form complex and diverse identity features. In general, these internal differences can be divided into the following factors: the different origins; the relationship with the Chaozhou people; the local Chinese/Thai relations; the influences of urbanization and modernization, and the transnational impacts.

Ethnic identity is a process of learning and exploration. Individuals need to understand the characteristics, significances, values, and attitudes of their ethnic group; establish relationships with the members of the ethnic group; learn and practice the social behavior of the ethnic group; recognize their own feelings towards the ethnic group; and eventually accept the significance and role played by the ethnic group in their lives. If we look at the identity of the Hakkas in Thailand from this perspective, the Hakka identity for the first and second generation core members of the Hakka Cultural Center comprised a journey of identity filled with exploration and commitment. For the second and third generation core members, the journey gradually transitioned more towards commitment than exploration. The third and fourth generations reached a new era where they do not know the origin of their ancestors. So they may have entered a state of no exploration and no commitment. Some people have ignited some hope during the wave of global Hakka recognition movements believing that the Hakka culture and identity can continue to be inherited during the new era.

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